Write a research question (RQ) for each scenario. Since a t-test identifies differences in the DV based on the IV, write your RQs this way:

S1

As an international development researcher, you would like to know African Citizen’s perceptions about current levels of democracy. You’re working hypothesis is that a series of reforms have increased African views of the level of democracy today. You do not have a good research design to compare attitudes before and after the reforms but know that leaders and development experts would like to see a value of 6, on the scale of 1–10.

Identify the independent variable (IV) and the (DV). The IV must be nominal. The DV must be interval or ratio.

Write a research question (RQ) for each scenario. Since a t-test identifies differences in the DV based on the IV, write your RQs this way:

Is there a difference in the dependent variable based on the independent variable?

Use the Sig. (2-tailed) value to evaluate statistical significance of the t-test

Calculate the effect size if there is statistical significance and you reject the null hypothesis. The effect size identifies how change in the IV effects change in the DV. You must calculate the effect size using this formula:

Effect size for one-sample t-test = Cohen’s d =  

Explain the meaning of the effect size

Based on your results, provide an explanation of what the implications of social change might be.

One-Sample Statistics
	N	Mean	Std. Deviation	Std. Error Mean
Q46a. Level of democracy: today	46940	5.52	2.883	.013
One-Sample Test
	Test Value = 0
	t	df	Sig. (2-tailed)	Mean Difference	95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
					Lower	Upper
Q46a. Level of democracy: today	415.007	46939	.000	5.522	5.50	5.55

S2

As an international development researcher, you have already tested whether perceptions about the current levels of democracy differ from a value of 6. Given recent social change movements in North Africa, you now want to determine whether there is a statistical difference in these perceptions between North Africa and Southern Africa. Using the data from the 2015 Afrobarometer, please provide: a 1–2 APA style paragraph statement that furnishes an answer to this question, note the relevant statistics, comment on meaningfulness, and include your relevant SPSS output.

Identify the independent variable (IV) and the (DV). The IV must be nominal. The DV must be interval or ratio.

Write a research question (RQ) for each scenario. Since a t-test identifies differences in the DV based on the IV, write your RQs this way:

Is there a difference in the dependent variable based on the independent variable?

Analyze the Independent T-test Output. Hints:

          Ignore the data in the columns beneath Levene’s Test

          Ignore the data in the row across from Equal Variances Assumed

          Use the Sig. (2-tailed) value to evaluate statistical significance of the t-test

          Write a statement to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis

Calculate the effect size if there is statistical significance and you reject the null hypothesis. The effect size identifies how change in the IV effects change in the DV. You must calculate effect size using this formula:

          Effect size for independent sample t-test = Cohen’s d =  

Explain the meaning of the effect size

Based on your results, provide an explanation of what the implications of social change might be.

Group Statistics
	Country by region	N	Mean	Std. Deviation	Std. Error Mean
Q46a. Level of democracy: today	Southern Africa	15979	5.78	2.795	.022
	North Africa	5418	4.90	3.092	.042
Independent Samples Test
	Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances	t-test for Equality of Means
	F	Sig.	t	df	Sig. (2-tailed)	Mean Difference	Std. Error Difference	95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
								Lower	Upper
Q46a. Level of democracy: today	Equal variances assumed	130.649	.000	19.453	21395	.000	.879	.045	.790	.967
	Equal variances not assumed			18.510	8610.815	.000	.879	.047	.786	.972

S3

As an educational researcher, would like to know whether high school student’s perceptions about mathematical utility changed between their freshman and senior year. Each respondent is asked the same series of questions about the utility of mathematics in their future during their freshman and senior year.

These questions are combined to form one variable of mathematical utility; higher values indicate higher levels of mathematical utility. Using the High School Longitudinal Survey, please provide: a 1–2 APA style paragraph statement that furnishes an answer to this question, note the relevant statistics, comment on meaningfulness, and include your relevant SPSS output.

Identify the independent variable (IV) and the (DV). The IV must be nominal. The DV must be interval or ratio.

Write a research question (RQ) for each scenario. Since a t-test identifies differences in the DV based on the IV, write your RQs this way:

Is there a difference in the dependent variable based on the independent variable?

Calculate the effect size if there is statistical significance and you reject the null hypothesis. The effect size identifies how change in the IV effects change in the DV. You must calculate effect size using this formula:

          Effect size for paired samples t-test = Cohen’s d =  

Explain the meaning of the effect size

Based on your results, provide an explanation of what the implications of social change might be.

Paired Samples Statistics
	Mean	N	Std. Deviation	Std. Error Mean
Pair 1	T1 Scale of student’s mathematics utility	-.0096	16021	.99040	.00782
	T2 Scale of student’s mathematics utility	.0059	16021	1.00682	.00795

Paired Samples Correlations
	N	Correlation	Sig.
Pair 1	T1 Scale of student’s mathematics utility & T2 Scale of student’s mathematics utility	16021	.285	.000

Paired Samples Test
	Paired Differences	t	df	Sig. (2-tailed)
	Mean	Std. Deviation	Std. Error Mean	95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
				Lower	Upper
Pair 1	T1 Scale of student’s mathematics utility – T2 Scale of student’s mathematics utility	-.01556	1.19384	.00943	-.03404	.00293	-1.649	16020	.099