Discuss why things may have gone wrong and what could be done to refine the results in future.

Basic Structure

The vast majority of scientific reports can be broken down into the following constituent parts.

Title – Author(s)

Abstract

Table of Contents

Introduction

Equipment and Methodology

Results AND Discussion

Conclusions

References and Citations

Appendices

Title and Authors

Although the title is the shortest page of your report, it is often the most difficult to write.

It is important to make clear to a researcher everything that needs saying but without the title being

overlong and unwieldy. It does not have to be the first section written because, in many cases, the final

title will not occur to you until you have finished writing the report.

Nowadays, most research establishments have a database to search titles by keyword so try to make

sure that your title contains these. This is doubly important if your research is likely to be published on

the internet.

The authors section should include your name, as the main writer of the report, alongside the name of

your supervisor. In the case of working as part of a team, you should usually include the other members

of your group here.

Abstract

The abstract is the most crucial part of the report because anybody searching for your research on a

database or in a journal will usually read only the abstract. Therefore, it must summarize your research,

results and conclusions in less than 200 words.

Sometimes it is good to think of it as a sample of your research rather than a review; it should inform

the researcher that your article contains the information they need.

There are a few ideas on how to write your abstract but the best advice is that you look at some journals

relevant to your research and try to format your abstract in a similar way.

Contents

This section and is merely a breakdown of sections and subsections by page number.

For a short and straightforward paper it may not be necessary to include a contents page.

This is not mandatory for a research paper.

Introduction

This section of your report is where you will document all the painstaking research into the background

of your experiment.

The main thing to bear in mind, when writing the introduction, is that a scientist who is unfamiliar with

your exact subject matter may be reading the article.

It is important, therefore, to try and give a quick and condensed history of the research leading to your

experiment, with correct citations.

You should also give a little background on why you chose to do this particular experiment and what you

expect to find. It is a little ‘old-fashioned’ to hypothesis statement at the beginning of the report but the

reader should be aware of exactly what you are trying to prove.

Method

For this portion of your report you must describe the methods used when performing the experiment.

This should include, if relevant, the location and times of sample collection, what equipment was

utilized, and the techniques used.

The idea behind the methodology section is that another researcher can exactly replicate your

experiments without having to guess what equipment and what techniques should be used.

Scientific articles are peer reviewed and this includes the possibility that other researchers may try to

replicate your results.

There have been many high profile scientific breakthroughs over the years whose results were unable to

be repeated; these experiments were disregarded. For field studies you should give an exact map

reference and time as well as including a map in the appendix.

If you used complex machinery or computer programs in the course of your experiment, to avoid

breaking the flow of your report, you should give only the main information and refer to the exact

technical specifications in the appendix.

Results

These should be a quick synopsis of the facts, figures and statistical tests used to arrive at your final

results.

You should try to avoid cluttering up your report and insert most of your raw data into the appendix.

It is far better to stick with including only tables and graphs that show clearly the results. Do not be

tempted to insert large numbers of graphs and figures just for the sake of it; each figure and graph

should be mentioned, referred to and discussed in the text.

Try to avoid putting in tables and graphs showing the same information; select the type that shows your

results most clearly. It is usually preferable to use graphs and relegate the tables to the appendix

because it is easier to show trends in graphical format.

Figures and graphs should be clear and occupy at least half a page; you are not a magazine editor trying

to fit a small graph into an article.

All such information must be numbered, as diagrams for graphs and illustrations, and figures for tables;

they should be referred to by this number in the body of the report.

You do not need to put the full breakdown of the calculations used for your statistical tests; most

scientists hate statistics and are only interested in whether your results were significant or not. Relegate

the calculations to the appendix.

The results section of your report should be neutral and you should avoid discussing your results or how

they differed from or compared with what was expected. This information belongs in the next section.

Discussion

This is the pivotal section of your hard work in obtaining and analyzing your results.

In your discussion you should seek to discuss your findings, and describe how they compared and

differed from the results you expected. In a nutshell, you are trying to show whether your hypothesis

was proved, not proved or inconclusive.

You must be extremely critical of yourself in this section; you will not get marked down for mistakes in

experiment design or for poor results, only for not recognizing them.

Everybody who has written a dissertation or thesis has had to give a presentation to a room full of

fellow students, scientists and professors and give a quick synopsis. These people will tear your report

apart if you do not recognize its shortcomings and flaws.

Very few experiments are 100 per cent correct in their design and conception so it is not really

important what your results were, only that you understand their significance.

Usually you will have had some promising results and some that did not fit with what you expected.

Discuss why things may have gone wrong and what could be done to refine the results in future. Suggest

what changes in experimental design might improve the results; there is no right or wrong in science,

only progress.

Finally, you can discuss at the end ideas for further research, either refining the experiment or

suggesting new areas. Even if your paper was a one off, somebody may come along and decide that they

find your research interesting and that they would like to continue from where you left off.

Summary and Conclusion

This is really just a more elaborate version of the abstract.

In a few paragraphs you should summarize your findings. Your abstract will do most of this for you but,

as long as you do not get carried away, especially for longer reports, it can help the reader absorb your

findings a little more.

References

Include all of your direct references here, even if you only found a couple of sentences.

In the case where somebody referred to an original source, reference that too, but if you did not

manage to get hold of it, try to rewrite so that you will not have to reference (or use “referred in”-

citation).